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Cahn, E.S. How the Juvenile Justice System Reduces Life Options of Minority Youth. Washington, DC: Joint Center on Political and Economic Studies, 2006 http://www.jointcenter.org.

The Annie E. Casey Foundation. KIDS COUNT State level Data On-line.

Center for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Incarceration (Berkley, CA: Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California). Report prepared for the NYU Law/Public Policy Colloquium. Accessed at http://e-ccip.org.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States, by race/ethnicity, 2000–2004.” HIV/AIDS Surveillance Supplemental Report, 12 (No. 1), 2006.

Children’s Defense Fund. America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline, 2007.

Education Week. “Diplomas Count: An Essential Guide to Graduation Policy and Rates,” June 2007.

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Johnson, R. Intergenerational Risks of Criminal Involvement and Incarceration, April 2007.

Miller, J., Ross, T., and Sturgiss, C. “Redirecting Youth from the School-to-Prison Pipeline,” Briefing Paper #2 in the series Beyond the Tunnel Problem: Addressing Cross-Cutting Issues that Impact Vulnerable Youth. Youth Transition Funders Group in partnership with The Annie E. Casey Foundation, November 2005.

Smith, R. Race, Poverty, & Special Education: Apprenticeships for Prison Work, Poverty & Race. Research Action Council, 12 (6), November/December 2003.

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Williams, N. “Where Are the Men? The Impact of Incarceration and Reentry on Black Men and Their Children and Families,” (Atlanta, GA: Community Voices, Morehouse School of Medicine), August 2006.

* Adapted from: Insight. “Grantmakers for Children, Youth and Families,” p. 24, Winter 2007-2008.